The Metaphor of AI in Writing in English: A Reflection on EFL Learners’ Motivation to Write, Enjoyment of Writing, Academic Buoyancy, and Academic Success in Writing

Authors

  • Ying He Department of Humanities, Ningbo University of Finance and Economics, Ningbo 315175 China

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v25i3.7769

Keywords:

artificial intelligence, motivation to write, enjoyment in writing, academic buoyancy, academic success in writing, automated writing evaluation, open and distributed learning

Abstract

Several barriers hinder students from producing clear and impactful written work. Writing assignments are often given on an individual basis, similar to homework, and without any assistance. Students in a classroom context have access to both their classmates and the teacher while they are working in groups or pairs as part of their assignments. The majority of students, however, are clueless about how to begin their homework assignments. The introduction of artificial intelligence in education may help solve this problem. The current research intended to demonstrate the effects of employing automated writing evaluation (AWE) in fostering learners’ writing skills, motivation to write, enjoyment of writing, and academic buoyancy in open and distributed English as a foreign language (EFL) learning. The participants were 86 intermediate EFL students from China. The participants in the experimental group (n = 44) received instruction and feedback from their teachers only; participants in the control group (n = 42) were exposed to their teachers’ instruction as well as AWE. The results of data analysis via one-way multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the participants in the experimental group outperformed their peers in the control group in motivation to write, enjoyment in writing, academic buoyancy, and academic success in writing. Further in-depth discussions proceed regarding the implications of the study.

References

Alves-Wold, A., Walgermo, B. R., McTigue, E., & Per Henning Uppstad, H. P. (2023). Assessing writing motivation: A systematic review of K-5 students’ self-reports. Educational Psychology Review, 35, Article 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-023-09732-6

Brown, H. D. (2001). Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy (2nd ed.). Pearson Education.

Cahyono, B. Y., & Rahayu, T. (2020). EFL students’ motivation in writing, writing proficiency, and gender. TEFLIN Journal, 31(2), 162–180. https://doi.org/10.15639/teflinjournal.v31i2/162-180

Cao, L. L. (2020). Comparison of automatic and expert teachers’ rating of computerized English listening–speaking test. English Language Teaching, 13(1), 18–30. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v13n1p18

Chapelle, C. A., Cotos, E., & Lee, J. (2015). Validity arguments for diagnostic assessment using automated writing evaluation. Language Testing, 32(3), 385–405. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532214565386

Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008

Ding, J., & He, L. (2022). On the association between Chinese EFL teachers’ academic buoyancy, self-efficacy, and burnout. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.947434

Dougherty, P. (2015). Creative writing in English and EFL students: Finding motivation in self-expression. East West Journal of Humanities, 5, 1–14. http://lib.ewubd.edu:8080/handle/2525/2785

Hartfiel, V. F., Jacobs, H. L., Zinkgraft, S. A., Wormuth, D. R., & Hughey, J. B. (1985). Learning ESL composition. Newbury House.

Heydarnejad, T., Abdel Al Ibrahim, K. A., Abdelrasheed, N. S. G., & Rezvani, E. (2022). The effect of academic emotion regulation on EFL learners’ core of self-assessment and academic buoyancy: A structural equation modeling. Language Testing in Asia, 12, Article 57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40468-022-00207-z

Jahedizadeh, S., Ghonsooly, B., & Ghanizadeh, A. (2019). Academic buoyancy in higher education. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 11(2), 162–177. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-04-2018-0067

Jin, Y. (2023). The development and validation of the English writing enjoyment scale. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 130(1), 555–575. https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125221137649

Jin, Y. X., & Dewaele, J. M. (2018). The effect of positive orientation and perceived social support on foreign language classroom anxiety. System, 74, 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2018.01.002

Lang, F., Li, S., & Zhang, S. (2019). Research on reliability and validity of mobile networks-based automated writing evaluation. International Journal of Mobile Computing and Multimedia Communications, 10(1), 18–31. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJMCMC.2019010102

LaSalle, D. (2015). Intrinsic motivation and the five-paragraph essay: Lessons learned on practitioner research, the role of academic research in the classroom, and assessing changes in student motivation. Perspectives on Urban Education, 12(1). https://urbanedjournal.gse.upenn.edu/archive/volume-12-issue-1-spring-2015/intrinsic-motivation-and-five-paragraph-essay-lessons-learned-

Lee, I., & Wong, K. (2014). Bringing innovation to EFL writing: The case of a primary school in Hong Kong. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 23(1), 159–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-013-0149-y

Li, W.-Y., Kau, K., & Yi-Jiun Shiung. (2023). Pedagogic exploration into adapting automated writing evaluation and peer review integrated feedback into large-sized university writing classes. SAGE Open, 13(4), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231209087

Li, J., Link, S., & Hegelheimer, V. (2015). Rethinking the role of automated writing evaluation (AWE) feedback in ESL writing instruction. Journal of Second Language Writing, 27, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2014.10.004

Li, R., Meng, Z., Tian, M., Zhang, Z., Ni, C., & Xiao, W. (2019). Examining EFL learners’ individual antecedents on the adoption of automated writing evaluation in China. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 32(7), 784–804. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2018.1540433

Li, Z. (2021). Teachers in automated writing evaluation (AWE) system-supported ESL writing classes: Perception, implementation, and influence. System, 99, Article 102505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2021.102505

Liao, H. C. (2016). Using automated writing evaluation to reduce grammar errors in writing. ELT Journal, 70(3), 308–319. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccv058

Lo, J., & Hyland, F. (2007). Enhancing students’ engagement and motivation in writing: The case of primary students in Hong Kong. Journal of Second Language Writing, 16(4), 219–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2007.06.002

MacIntyre, P. D., & Mercer, S. (2014). Introducing positive psychology to SLA. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 4(2), 153–172. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2014.4.2.2

Martin, A. J. (2013). Academic buoyancy and academic resilience: Exploring “everyday” and “classic” resilience in the face of academic adversity. School Psychology International, 34(5), 488–500. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034312472759

Martin, A. J. (2014). Academic buoyancy and academic outcomes: Towards a further understanding of students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), students without ADHD, and academic buoyancy itself. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(1), 86–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12007

Martin, A. J., Ginns, P., Brackett, M. A., Malmberg, L. E., & Hall, J. (2013). Academic buoyancy and psychological risk: Exploring reciprocal relationships. Learning and Individual Differences, 27, 128–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2013.06.006

Martin, A. J., & Marsh, H. W. (2006). Academic resilience and its psychological and educational correlates: A construct validity approach. Psychology in the Schools, 43(3), 267–281. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20149

Martin, A. J., & Marsh, H. W. (2008). Academic buoyancy: Towards an understanding of students’ everyday academic resilience. Journal of School Psychology, 46(1), 53–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2007.01.002

Mo, H. (2012). A study of the teaching of ESL writing in colleges in China. International Journal of English Linguistics, 2(1), 118–127. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v2n1p118

Mohsen, M. A., & Abdulaziz, A. (2019). The effectiveness of using a hybrid mode of automated writing evaluation system on EFL students’ writing. Teaching English With Technology, 19(1), 118–131. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1204544

Myhill, D., Cremin, T., & Oliver, L. (2023). The impact of a changed writing environment on students’ motivation to write. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1212940. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1212940

Nasihah, M., & Cahyono, B. (2017). Language learning strategies, motivation, and writing achievement of Indonesian EFL students. Arab World English Journal, 8(1), 250–263. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol8no1.18

Nurjamin, A., Salazar-Espinoza, D. E., Saenko, N., & Bina, E. (2023). Learner-oriented assessment matters: Testing the effects of academic buoyancy, reflective thinking, and learner enjoyment in self-assessment and test-taking anxiety management of the EFL learners. Language Testing in Asia, 13, Article 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40468-023-00247-z

Richards, J. C. (2022). Exploring emotions in language teaching. RELC Journal, 53(1), 225–239. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688220927531

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2009). Promoting self-determined school engagement: Motivation, learning, and well-being. In K. R. Wentzel & A. Wigfield (Eds.), Handbook of motivation at school (pp. 171–195). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203879498

Sumakul, D. T. Y. G., Hamied, F. A., & Sukyadi, D. (2022a). Artificial intelligence in EFL classrooms: Friend or foe? LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition Research Network, 15(1), 232–256. https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/LEARN/article/view/256723

Sumakul, D. T. Y. G., Hamied, F. A., & Sukyadi, D. (2022b). Students’ perceptions of the use of AI in a writing class. In Proceedings of the 67th TEFLIN International Virtual Conference & the 9th ICOELT 2021 (pp. 52–57). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220201.009

Sun, T., & Wang, C. (2020). College students’ writing self-efficacy and writing self-regulated learning strategies in learning English as a foreign language. System, 90, Article 102221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102221

Tang, J., & Wu, Y. (2017). Impact of AWE rubrics and automated assessment on EFL writing instruction. International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching, 7(2), 58–74. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijcallt.2017040104

Tian, L., & Zhou, Y. (2020). Learner engagement with automated feedback, peer feedback and teacher feedback in an online EFL writing context. System, 91, Article 102247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102247

Utami, S. P. T., Andayani, Winarni, R., & Sumarwati. (2023). Utilization of artificial intelligence technology in an academic writing class: How do Indonesian students perceive? Contemporary Educational Technology, 15(4), Article ep450. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/13419

White, R., & Arndt, V. (1991). Process writing. Longman.

Xu, X., & Wang, B. (2022). EFL students’ academic buoyancy: does academic motivation and interest matter? Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.858054

Yun, S., Hiver, P., & Al-Hoorie, A. H. (2018). Academic buoyancy: Exploring learners’ everyday resilience in the language classroom. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 40(4), 805–830. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263118000037

Zhai, N., & Ma, X. (2022). Automated writing evaluation (AWE) feedback: A systematic investigation of college students’ acceptance. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 35(9), 2817–2842. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2021.1897019

Zumbrunn, S., Marrs, S., Broda, M., Ekholm, E., DeBusk-Lane, M., & Jackson, L. (2019). Toward a more complete understanding of writing enjoyment: A mixed methods study of elementary students. AERA Open, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858419850792

Published

2024-08-26

How to Cite

He, Y. (2024). The Metaphor of AI in Writing in English: A Reflection on EFL Learners’ Motivation to Write, Enjoyment of Writing, Academic Buoyancy, and Academic Success in Writing. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 25(3), 271–286. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v25i3.7769